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Explain the schemes available for extraction of maximum power from solar energy

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  What is MPPT? MPPT  or  Maximum Power Point Tracking  is algorithm that included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called  maximum power point also known as  peak power voltage. Maximum power varies with solar radiation, ambient temperature and  solar cell  temperature. Typical PV module produces power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a very cold dayHow MPPT works? The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum power point). That is to say MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and ...
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NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS-5

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Range-energy relationship for a -particle Geiger Empirical relation R = aE 3/2            E is in Mev,              R is in meter     E = bR 2/3                             a= 0.315 ´ 10 -2 ,    b = 2.12 ´ 10 2      The velocity v µÖ E        \ v 3 µ E 3/2       R = c v 3  where c has same value in all cases v 3 = 1.03 ´ 10 27 R  Knowing R, one can calculate energy (E) or velocity (v) of a -particle emitted by the source. Geiger empirical relation is found to be applicable for a -particles having range 3 to 7 cms in air. R is found to be proportional to v 3/2 for lower energies whereas for higher energies, it...
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Definition of Energy Recovery stove

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  Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste to energy                     Energy Recovery from Combustion Energy recovery from the combustion of municipal solid waste is a key part of the  non-hazardous waste management hierachy, which ranks various management strategies from most to least environmentally preferred. Energy recovery ranks below source reduction and recycling/reuse but above treatment and disposal. Confined and controlled burning, known as combustion, can not only decrease the volume of solid waste destined for landfills, but can also recover energy from the waste burning process. This generates a renewable energy source and reduces carbon emissions by offsetting the need ...
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NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS -4

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                                             Nuclear Decay s The nuclear decay can be divided into three categories α-decay: spontaneous emission of α-particle from a nucleus of large atomic number. This sets an upper limit of atomic numbers of chemical elements occurring in nature.   β-decay: spontaneous emission or absorption of an electron or positron by a nucleus. This tells about the nature of forces. γ-decay: spontaneous emission of high energy photons when nucleus makes transition from excited state to ground state.. Velocity and Energy of alpha-particles (Doubly charged 2 He 4 ): 1.   Determination of velocity and energy of α-particles made it possible to determine energies which differ only in small amounts and this led to the discovery that some radionuclides actually emit spectrum of α-particles. 2.   Knowledge of energies helped to ...
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