physics point

Range-energy relationship for a -particle Geiger Empirical relation R = aE 3/2            E is in Mev,              R is in meter     E = bR 2/3                             a= 0.315 ´ 10 -2 ,    b = 2.12 ´ 10 2      The velocity v µÖ E        \ v 3 µ E 3/2       R = c v 3  where c has same value in all cases v 3 = 1.03 ´ 10 27 R  Knowing R, one can calculate energy (E) or velocity (v) of a -particle emitted by the source. Geiger empirical relation is found to be applicable for a -particles having range 3 to 7 cms in air. R is found to be proportional to v 3/2 for lower energies whereas for higher energies, it...

  Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste to energy                     Energy Recovery from Combustion Energy recovery from the combustion of municipal solid waste is a key part of the  non-hazardous waste management hierachy, which ranks various management strategies from most to least environmentally preferred. Energy recovery ranks below source reduction and recycling/reuse but above treatment and disposal. Confined and controlled burning, known as combustion, can not only decrease the volume of solid waste destined for landfills, but can also recover energy from the waste burning process. This generates a renewable energy source and reduces carbon emissions by offsetting the need ...

                                             Nuclear Decay s The nuclear decay can be divided into three categories α-decay: spontaneous emission of α-particle from a nucleus of large atomic number. This sets an upper limit of atomic numbers of chemical elements occurring in nature.   β-decay: spontaneous emission or absorption of an electron or positron by a nucleus. This tells about the nature of forces. γ-decay: spontaneous emission of high energy photons when nucleus makes transition from excited state to ground state.. Velocity and Energy of alpha-particles (Doubly charged 2 He 4 ): 1.   Determination of velocity and energy of α-particles made it possible to determine energies which differ only in small amounts and this led to the discovery that some radionuclides actually emit spectrum of α-particles. 2.   Knowledge of energies helped to ...