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Explain the schemes available for extraction of maximum power from solar energy

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  What is MPPT? MPPT  or  Maximum Power Point Tracking  is algorithm that included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called  maximum power point also known as  peak power voltage. Maximum power varies with solar radiation, ambient temperature and  solar cell  temperature. Typical PV module produces power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a very cold dayHow MPPT works? The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum power point). That is to say MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and ...
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PROBLEM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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                   Q/1.   The measured mass of deuteron atom ( 2 1 H) , Hydrogen atom ( 1 1 H)   , proton and neutron is 2.01649 u ,1.00782 u , 1.00727 u and 1.00866 u . Find the binding energy of the deuteron nucleus (unit MeV /nucleon).   Ans:   Here A=2, Z=1, N=1   B E = [ZM H + NM N + M ( 1 1 H)] ✖  931.5 MeV           = [1 ✖  1.00782 +1 ✖  1.00866 -2.01649]  ✖ 931.5 MeV            = [0.00238] ✖  931.5 MeV           =2.224 MeV   Q/2. The binding energy of the neon isotope ( 20 10 Ne) is 160.647 MeV. Find its atomic mass?   Ans: Here A=10, Z=10, N=10                M ( A Z X) = [ZM H + NM N ] – B/(931.5 MeV/u)         ...
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NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS -2

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                      Properties of Nucleus_- I I-Nuclear angular momentum L- Nuclear orbital angular moment S- Nuclear spin   angular momentum Angular momentum - angular momentum of a nucleus is a constant quantity because nucleus being an isolated system i.e. the external torque is equal to zero. I represent angular momentum quantum number. The eigen values of the square of the angular momentum operator are I(I+1) in the unit of ℏ   Î 2 Ψ = I(I+1) ℏ 2 Ψ I z is the Z- component of total angular momentum Î z Ψ = m ℏ Ψ, m is the eigen values of Î z , m ℏ is the Z component of angular momentum. both have common eigen function [   Î 2  , Î z  ] Total angular momentum (I) =  ℏ✓{I(I+1)} For a given value of I, m can take 2I+1 values from +I to –I I is not only integer but half integer i.e. I= 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2 ….. Half integer v...
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